Geophysical applications provide insights into subsurface conditions and assist in engineering projects.
A geophysical survey refers to the systematic collection and analysis of data related to the physical properties and characteristics of the subsurface.
Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) is a geophysical method used to investigate the subsurface properties and structures based on variations in electrical resistivity. ERT involves the injection of electrical currents into the ground and measuring the resulting potential differences to create a resistivity profile of the subsurface.
Compared to traditional drilling methods, ERI can be a cost-effective means of subsurface investigation, particularly for large-scale surveys.
ERT provides detailed imaging of subsurface resistivity variations, helping to identify fine-scale features and structures.
ERT allows subsurface investigations without the need for extensive drilling or excavation.
The Time Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) method is a geophysical technique used to investigate the subsurface properties and structures by measuring variations in electromagnetic fields over time.
TDEM can provide information about subsurface properties at greater depths compared to some other geophysical methods, making it suitable for deep investigations.
DEM can provide detailed imaging of subsurface resistivity variations, allowing for the identification of subtle features and structures.
ERT allows subsurface investigations without the need for extensive drilling or excavation.
The Magnetotellurics (MT) method is a geophysical technique used to investigate the subsurface electrical conductivity structure of the Earth. It measures natural electromagnetic fields generated by variations in the Earth’s magnetic field and electrical conductivity.
The MT method can provide information about subsurface electrical conductivity variations at different depths, from near-surface to deeper crustal levels.
MT is a non-intrusive method that does not require drilling or excavation, minimizing disturbance to the surveyed area.
MT is suitable for regional-scale surveys, covering extensive areas to obtain a comprehensive understanding of subsurface conductivity structures.
The Seismic Refraction (SR) method is a geophysical technique used to investigate the subsurface geology and determine the seismic velocity distribution of geological layers. It is based on the principle of seismic wave propagation and the refraction of waves as they encounter different subsurface materials with varying velocities.
The seismic refraction method can provide information about subsurface layers at considerable depths, depending on the survey setup and equipment used.
Seismic refraction surveys can cover large areas with relatively simple equipment, making it a cost-effective method for regional-scale investigations.
The method is non-destructive and does not require drilling or excavation, minimizing disruption to the surveyed area.
Depends on the objectives of the study, site characteristics, and the geologic setting


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